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The papal tiara is the crown of the pope. For over a thousand years all popes were crowned with some kind of a tiara in a papal coronation. The tiara is still one of the key symbols of the papacy, and features on the coat of arms of the Holy See and of Vatican City State. Pope Benedict XVI has replaced the tiara on his official coat of arms with a traditional bishop's mitre and the pallium, symbols of the Pontiff's authority as Bishop of Rome. Though people talk of ''the'' tiara, there are in fact over twenty surviving tiaras in existence. The earliest dates from the sixteenth century, the latest from 2011. Eleven of them are held in the Vatican and two are permanently on display in the United States at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. and at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Indiana at the University of Notre Dame. The most recently made papal tiara was donated to Pope Benedict XVI in 2011. ==List of some of the papal tiaras still in existence== # Tiara of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585). The oldest surviving papal tiara in existence. # Papier-mâché Tiara of Pope Pius VII. Made for his exiled coronation in Venice in 1800. # Tiara of Pope Pius VII (1804). The "Napoleon Tiara" from Napoleon I, marking his wedding to Josephine; by Henry August and Marie-Etienne Nitot, House of Chaumet, Paris. Some of the jewels and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the French Directory in 1798. The tiara was made deliberately too small, and at 18 pounds (8 kg) too heavy, for the pope to wear. # Tiara of Pope Pius VII (1820) ((image) ) # Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI (1834). One of the most worn in the papal collection. # Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI (1845). # Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI (date unknown). Lightweight version of a tiara. # Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846). Coronation tiara. # Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1855). The "Spanish Tiara" from Queen Isabella II of Spain. # Tiara of Pope Pius IX (late 1850s) from the Congregation of Holy Cross. On permanent display in the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. # Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1871). The "Belgian Tiara" from the women of the Royal Court of the King of the Belgians by Jean Baptiste Bethume of Ghent. # Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1870s). Lightweight tiara. # Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1877). The "Palatine Tiara" from the Holy See's Palatine Guard in honour of Pope Pius's jubilee. It was used at virtually every papal coronation through Pope John XXIII. # Tiara of Pope Leo XIII (1887). The "German Tiara" from Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany in commemoration of the Pope's Golden Jubilee as a priest. # Tiara of Pope Leo XIII (1888). The "Paris Tiara" from the Catholics of Paris to celebrate the Pope's Golden Jubilee. By François-Désiré Froment-Meurice. # Tiara of Pope Leo XIII (1894). The "Austrian Tiara" from Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria. # Tiara of Pope Leo XIII (1903). The "Golden Tiara" given by the Vicar-General of Rome on behalf of the world's Catholics to commemorate the Pope's Silver Jubilee as pope. ((image) ) # Tiara of Pope Pius X (1908). By papal jewellers Tatani to commemorate the Pope's golden jubilee of his ordination as a priest. Made because the pope found other tiaras too heavy. # Tiara of Pope Pius XI (1922) donated by the people of Desio, where he was born (near Milan). # Tiara of Pope Pius XI (1922). From the Archdiocese of Milan. # Tiara of Pope John XXIII (1959). From the people of Bergamo, his home region, in honour of his election as pope. # Tiara of Pope Paul VI (1963). Made by the artisans of his former archdiocese, Milan. On permanent display in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. # Tiara of Pope John Paul II (Hungarian Tiara) (1981). Presented to Pope John Paul II by Catholics in the then Communist state of Hungary. As neither John Paul II nor his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, has worn any papal tiara, this tiara remains unworn. ((image )) # Tiara of Pope Benedict XVI (2011). Presented to Benedict XVI on 25 May 2011 by a group of German Roman Catholics,〔David Kerr (May 25, 2011), (”Germans present Pope Benedict with his own papal crown” ), Catholic News Agency〕 made by Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Christians〔 ''Note: Because the donation of tiaras was often a private matter not announced by the person making the donation, it is unknown whether any subsequent papal tiaras have been donated. The existence of the Hungarian Tiara, though long rumoured, was only confirmed when images of it were shown in the media.'' Pope Paul VI decided not to wear his tiara again in a gesture of humility and put it up for sale with the proceeds to be given to the poor. The bishops of the United States bought it and put it on public display together with a gold lace papal stole of saint John XXIII at the National Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Washington DC. Paul VI's 1975 Apostolic Constitution, ''Romano Pontifici Eligendo'' envisaged that his successor would be crowned. However, Pope John Paul I chose instead a coronation-less papal inauguration. Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution ''Universi Dominici Gregis'' spoke only of an inauguration, without specifying the form it should take. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of papal tiaras in existence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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